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cpulimit is a simple program that attempts to limit the cpu usage of a process (expressed in percentage, not in cpu time). This is useful to control batch jobs, when you don’t want they eat too much cpu. It does not act on the nice value or other scheduling priority stuff, but on the real cpu usage. Also, it is able to adapt itself to the overall system load, dynamically and quickly
Examples of use
Limiting the program ‘bigloop’ by executable name to 40% CPU:
$ ./cpulimit --exe bigloop --limit 40
or
$ ./cpulimit --path /usr/local/bin/bigloop --limit 40
Limiting a program by PID to 55% CPU:
$ ./cpulimit --pid 2960 --limit 55
link : http://cpulimit.sourceforge.net
Discuss this article on the forums. (1 posts)
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It's very common, despite of the affordable hardware, to have load
issues on the server. There can be a number of reasons for high load on
the server such as, inadequate RAM/CPU, slower hard disk drives, or
just unoptimized software. This article will help you identify what's
the bottleneck and where do you need to invest on. Please, however, do
not take it as a replacement of professional advice/service. You should
always seek professional service if you can afford the costs associated.
I) First of all, are you really in trouble?
Usually people look for load in control panels, using "uptime" or "top"
command. You can probably execute the "uptime" command in your root
shell to find out what's the load, but I would like you to use "top"
for the moment (pretty please). This will help you identify how many
CPUs are being reported*. You should be able to see something like
cpu00, cpu01, etc.
A load of ~1 for each cpu is reasonable. For example, you're fine if the load's 3.50 and you have 4 CPUs.
Another thing to consider while looking at the load via uptime or top,
is to understand what it shows. For instance: (on a 2HT cpus server,
reported as 4)
18:30:55 up 17 days, 5:17, 2 users, load average: 4.76, 2.97, 2.62
The first part (3.76) shows the load average in the last 5 mins, while
the second (2.97) and third (2.62) shows averages of 10 and 15 mins
respectively. It's probably a spike here which I wouldn't be too
worried about (a bit carefree?), but if you are, then just read on!
Pretty happy about how you were able to identify that your server is
really overloaded? Sorry to hear that, but you never know because
sometimes servers are able to handle much more load than the load
shown. The load averages aren't so accurate afterall and cannot always
be the ultimate deciding factor. Confused? It was just some technical
information you don't need to be so bothered about. Move ahead if your
loads are something to worry over.
* note the usage of term "reported". I have used this term because
a P4 CPU having HT technology will be reported as 2 even if you know
your server has one CPU.
II) Where's the problem?
To identify the problem, you need to run a series of logical tests (Ok,
it isn't as scary as it may sound). All you need is some free time,
probably 30-45 mins, and root access to your server (expect no magic
;)). Ready to start? Let's go!
Note: Perform the checks multiple times, to reach a fine conclusion.
1. Check for RAM (most common bottleneck!).
# free -m
The output should look similar to this:
# free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1963 1912 50 0 28 906
-/+ buffers/cache: 978 985
Swap: 1027 157 869
Any reaction like, "Ohh Gosh, almost all the RAM is used up."? Don't
panic. Have a look at the buffers/cache that says "985" mb of RAM is
still free in buffers. As long as you have enough memory in the
buffers, and your server isnt't using much swap, you're pretty fine on
RAM. Your server starts to use SWAP (much like Pagefile), which is part
of your disk mapped as memory but it is comparatively very slow and can
furthur slower down your system if you have a busy hard disk (which I
doubt you wouldn't if you're using so much RAM). In short, at least
175mb available in buffers and no more than 200mb swap.
If RAM is the issue, you should probably look into optimizations on your PHP/Perl scripts, MySQL queries + server, and Apache.
2. Check if I/O (input/output) usage is excessive
If there are too many read/write requests on a single hard disk drive,
it will become slow and you'll have to upgrade it to a faster drive
(with more RPM and cache). The alternate option to a single faster
drive is splitting the load onto multiple drives by spreading the most
request content onto multiple drives, which can be easily accomplished
using "symlinks" (soft links to files/folders). To identify, if your
I/O issue is making your server lag:
# top
Read the output under "iowait" section, for each CPU. In
ideal situations, it should be near to 0%. If you do however are
scrutinizing at time of a load spike, consider rechecking these values
multiple times to reach a fine conclusion. Anything above 15% is
worrysome. Next, you can check the speed of your hard disk drive to see
if it's really lagging:
If you do know your hard disk exists on /dev/sda or /dev/hda, just
perform the following. Or execute "df -h" command to check which is the
drive that your data resides on.
# hdparm -Tt /dev/sda
The output:
/dev/sda:
Timing cached reads: 1484 MB in 2.01 seconds = 739.00 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 62 MB in 3.00 seconds = 20.66 MB/sec
It was awesome at the buffer-cache reads, most probably because of the
disk's onboard cache, however, buffered disk reads is just at 20.66 MB
/ sec. Anything below 25MB is something you should worry about.
3. CPU power is all consumed?
# top
Check the top output to find out if you're using too much CPU power.
You should be looking the value under idle besides each CPU entry.
Anything below 45% is something you should really worry about.
III) Problem identified, What's the solution?
To wrap it up, let me offer a few solutions for each problem:
A global solution to all problems is to optimize MySQL, and Webserver
including PHP/Perl scripts and queries. Or the least you can do is to
optimize Apache and MySQL server parameters to perform better.
1. Too much CPU usage
In "ps -auxf" or "top" look for processes that use too much CPU. If
it's HTTP or MySQL, you better optimize your scripts and queries, if
possible. In most cases, it's extremely difficult to optimize all the
scripts and queries and a better option is to just go for a CPU
change/upgrade. A dual CPU should perform better, but what kind of
upgrade you're looking for depends on your current CPU.
2. RAM's all exhausted
It's like you're in the same kind of situation as the CPU one. Optimize
HTTP, MySQL, scripts etc. or go for a RAM upgrade. You may install
Opcode cache softwares like APC (from Pear) for PHP to make it perform
better while decreasing the load.
3. Disk's all used (eh, I don't mean space)
Here you either have to go for a faster disk like SATA over normal IDE
or SCSI over SATA. Well, I was just speaking generally. You have
consider factors like RPM and cache to end up going for an upgrad
that's worth it. The second option is to get multiple drives of the
same class and spread the load across drives. One common methodology is
to serve MySQL from a second drive.
optimization.
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XLMPP is XAMPP, but
instead of Apache, it uses lighttpd.
This is from version 1.6.0a of
XAMPP and lighttpd is 1.4.13 from here.
This is a very primitive release. There are of course problems with it. If
you find something not listed or have a fix for it, please let me know.
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How do I compile C program and creating executable file under Linux or UNIX operating systems?
A. You need GNU project
C and C++ compiler for compiling C program and creating an executable
file. Most Unix and Linux (*BSD) start their C compiler by the name cc.
But you can use gcc command to compile program. First make sure you
have gcc installed:
Type the following command to verify that gcc is installed:
$ which gcc
Output:
/usr/bin/gcc
Find out version of gcc:
$ gcc --version
Output:
gcc (GCC) 4.0.3 20060212 (prerelease) (Debian 4.0.2-9)
Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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You need to use chmod command which is use to change file access
permissions as well as to setup an executable permission on file.
General syntax:
chmod +x file-name
For example to setup executable permission on a file called foo.sh (shell script):
$ chmod +x foo.sh
To execute file:
$ ./foo.sh
To setup executable permission on a binary file called bar:
$ chmod +x bar
To execute binary file:
$ ./bar
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The basic goal of Quality of Service (QoS) is to provide service differentiation between IP packets in the network. This service differentiation is noticeable during periods of network congestion (i.e. in case of contention for resources) and results in different levels of network performance.
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Shell Command LibraryImportant Note: Shell commands may vary in syntax and usage from one type of shell to another. The shell command library here is provided as general references. Use the man command to see how a command is used in a particular shell. C Shell Commands and What They Do
The C shell provides the following built-in commands: |
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